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PROCEEDINGS 



ANNUAL MEETING 



MASSACHUSETTS COLONIZATION SOCIETY, 



PARK STREET CHURCH, FEB. T, 1833. 

TOGETHER WITH 

THE SPEECHES DELIVERED ON THAT OCCASION BY 

HON. MESSRS. EVERETT, LADD, AND CUSHING, AND 

REV. MESSRS. STOW AND BLAGDEN. 

ALSO THE LETTERS OF 

HIS EXCELLENCY GOVERNOR LINCOLN, 



THE HON. SAMUEL LATHROP, 



COMMUNICATED TO THE MEETING. 



BOSTON: 
PRINTED BY PEIRCE AND PARKER, 

No 9, CornhiU. 

1833. 



PROCEEDINGS. 



The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Colonization Soci- 
ety was held in Park Street Church, on Thursday Evening, 
Feb. 7, 1833. At half past 6 o'clock, the Hon. Stephen C. 
Phillips, of Salem, took the chair. After a voluntary on the 
organ, the meeting was opened with prayer by the liev. Joel H. 

LiNSLEY. 

The Credentials of Delegates from Auxiliary Societies were 
then received, when it appeared that the following gentlemen had 
been appointed by their respective Societies. 

Worccste?' Co. Auxiliary. Hon. W. S. Hastings, A. D. 
Foster, and C. Allen, Esquires. 

Hampshh'e. Hon. Eliphalet Williams and George 
Bancroft, Esq. 

Hampden. Hon. William B. Calhoun, Hon. Patrick 
Boies, Hon. George Bliss, and George Ashmun, Esq. 

Berkshire. Hon. Thomas B. Strong and Hon. Edward 
Stevens, of the Senate. Samuel M. Mackay and Henry 
Marsh, Esq. of the House. 

Franklin. None. 



The following Letter to the General Agent of the Parent So- 
ciety was read to the meeting. 

Boston, Feb. 7, 1S33. 

I had the honor to receive, this morning, through your kind communication, 
the invitation of the Committee of Arrangements, to attend the Anniversary- 
Celebration of the Massachusetts Colonization Society, — and I beg to assure 
you, that it is with great regret, that I find myself prevented, by previous en- 
gagements, the gratification of being present on so interesting an occasion. 

The objects of the Society appear to me, to be in accordance with the dictates 
of an enlightened and enlarged philanthropy, seeking to ameliorate the condi- 
tion of the most oppressed and abused of our fellow men. Its measures have 
been pursued with a zeal and perseverance worthy the noble purpose, at the 
same time, characterized by that prudence and discretion, and attended with a 
success, which cheer the heart with a reasonable hope of their eminently bene- 
ficial results. I can see nothing in the history of the past operations of "the So- 
ciety which should create distrust of its salutary influences, in any section of 



our country, much less pivo cause for hostility to its humane and Christian 
cliaritics, Jirected to enfi^litening the ignorant, sending a pure religion to the 
lioathen. restoring the African to his native land, and making that land the resi- 
dence of the hiippv and the free. 
With great respect, 
I am. Sir, 

Most faithfully, 

Your obliged and ob't ser'vt, 

LEVI LINCOLN. 
Rev. J. N. Danfokth, Agent Am. Colonization Society. 



A lottor from the lion. Samuel Latmrop, President of the 
Society, was comniunicated to the Secretary, of which tiic follow- 
ing is a copy : 

West Springfield, Feb. 1, 1833. 

Sir — Your favor of the 30th of January has been this day received. You will 
be pleased to express to the Managers of the Massachusetts Colonization Socie- 
ty, my respectful acknowledgments for this iiianifcstalii;n of tin ir desire, that 
I' should attend and preside at their next annual nneting, to be holden on tiie 
evening of Feb. Tlh. It would be to me a source of high gratification to be 
permitted to attend this meeting, and to particijjate in the consultations of the 
evening, in the measures to be ])roposed for adojjtion for the jjurpose of impart- 
ing new life and vigor into their operations, and in the mutual congratulations 
which must result Irom a view of the past success and future jirospects of the 
parent society. But I apprehend tliat the obstacles to my attendance, at that 
part'ir.ular time, will be insurinruntable. 

While I make my acknowledgments to the gentlemen composing this Socie- 
l}-, for the honor they saw lil to confer upon me, by electing me their first Fres- 
ident, and for having since repeated this expression of their respect, I may be 
permitted to suggest, that, in my opinion, it would be desirable, that the office 
should be conferred upon some person who lives not so remote from the place 
of holding the meetings and transacting the business of the society, and on 
whose presence and active co-ojieration in all efiicient measures, they may be 
able to calculate with a greater degree of certainty. 

Tiie American Colonization Society has proposed for its object, a great work ; 
no less than the removal of tlie whole of the colored population within our bor- 
ders, 80 far as it can be done by their voluntary consent, and without infringing 
vipon the rights of property which arc sanctioned by the laws of some of the 
States. It is a good work — a work of patrioli.sm, humanity, and Christianity — 
it opens a door through whicii the slave may be manumitted with safely to the 
slate, and with reasonable encouragement to a life of industry and virtue — 
llirouiTh which tiie free colored population ma^^ he elevated from the state of 
degradation in which they now move, and be admitted to the equal enjoyment 
of the rights and privileges of citizens and freemen, and bj' which, the blessings 
of civilization and Christianity may be imparled to Africa. — Even if we should 
not be able to anti(;i])ate the accomplishmeni of the whole comi)ass of our wishes 
in relation to our own country, still there are atn|)le motives lor perseverance. 
Thousands of those who, scattered anmng a white population, can be free only 
in name, may there enjoy the blessings of liberty and of free institutions, and 
transmit them to millions of tlieir descendants, through tintold generations. 
The etfiirts of civilization and Christianity to exalt and diunily the human cha- 
racter will Ik* presented to the Africans, liotii bv precept and example, and in a 
fnrin the most attractive to them, in its effects upon people nf llieirown c.i.iintry 
and color. I view the establishment of" the Colon. zalioii Society, as one of the 
nteiuifl among the benevolent operations of the day, and the principal one, for 
tiie regeneration of a continent. 

Accept my tiianks, dear sir, for the kind manner in wiiich you iiave commu- 
uicaled tiic reijuest of tiie Managers, and believe me, yours most respectlnlly, 

'SAM'L LATIIRor". 

Dr. J. V. C. Smith, Scc'ry Mass. Col. Society. 



The Report was read by the Secretary, Dr. J. V. C. Smith. 
All the important items embraced in it are liere given : 

The Board of jManaofers of the Massachusetts Colonization So- 
ciety, in prescntini)- their Annual Report, congratulate their fellow- 
citizens, and would render thanks to the Autlior of all mercies, 
that the cause which (hey advocate has, during the last year, 
been crowned with increasing and brilliant success. 

Never, perhaps, since the foundation of the Parent Tnstitution 
at the National Capital in the year 181(), have the objects em- 
braced in its plan excilcd deepor interest tluoughout the country 
than at this moment. Information, widely dillused, has produc- 
ed argument : argument has strengthened conviction of the ex- 
cellence and utility of the system : and conviction has led to 
vigorous action. While the Board of Managers would mention 
with gratitude, the fact, that none of their number, during the past 
year, have been removed by death, they have the solcnn) duty of 
recording the decease of the venerai)le President of the Parent 
Institution, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, whose younger 
days were devoted to the service of his country — whose later days 
were blessed with a green old age — and with whose descent into 
the tomb disappeared the list remnant of that immortal band that 
ga\"e to our countiy the charter of its freedom. 

The Board take this opportunity to express their high satisfac- 
tion on learning tliat the (hstiiiguished chair, thus vacated by the 
Providence of God, was, at the late national anniversary, so judi- 
ciously filled by the appointment of James Madison, the oldest 
surviving President of the United States — a constant friend of 
the Society. 

In reviewing the progress of the cause in our own State, it is 
proper to mention that we believe we speak the sentiments of New 
England generally, as well as of the great portion of the peo|}le of 
Massachusetts, wlien we say, they would not usurp the agitation 
of so perilous a question as that of slavery, while they are willing 
to co-operate in any wise measures for its extinction — and would 
frankly express their earnest wish for the speedy removal of this 
evil. The people of the North need not to be reminded that they 
have bound themselves by the terms of the social compact, to re- 
spect the legal rights of slave holders, — however averse to slavery 
as a system. 

Under a sense of these obligations, and with the hope that 
Providence will lead the way to universal emancipation, they 
would repress the spirit and abstain from the language of sweep- 
ing denunciation. So far as the influence of this Society extends, 
it may be considered as pledged to prounte those calm and kind- 
ly feelings which are congeinal to the constitution an: I hfibits of 
thinking of northern citizens; — to frown upon all attempts to ali- 
enate the different sections of the republic ; — to promote the pro- 
gress of reformation by mild and peaceful, rather than by harsh 
measureis, — and to seek the good of the slave by gaining the con 



fidencc of the nia.ctcr, raihor than insure his interminable bond- 
age, by oxc'itiufj ilisini>^t. fear, and opposition. 

In tlic month of May last, a jiamphlet was issued, under the 
direction of the Hoard, for gratuitous dislrilnUion, embracing im- 
portant facts concerning the (A)lony of Liberia, and developing 
principles connected with the operations of the Jt^ociety in this 
country, which, in connection with the active agency of a num- 
ber of students of the Theological Seminary at Andover, who 
vohmteereti their services, we have reason to believe produced a 
happy edect in the conmiunity. Other means, in diflerent forms, 
were also used, adapted to awaken incjuiry, and to stimulate to 
effort, especially at that season of the year which is distinguished 
by the recurrence of the anniversary of National Independence, 
and which has, by common consent and usage, been associated 
with the national anniversary. The result has lieen an increase 
of the amount of collections, in chinches which had been accus- 
tomed to talce up collections — and the commencement of the sys- 
tem, where there had been no previous contribiuions. 

It is desirable that all the churches, without distinction of de- 
nomination, should cordially and liberally enter into this plan, 
which woidd ad<l thousands to this useful treasury of benevolence. 
We say useful, because, if wc mistake not, no funds of the same 
amount, belonging to any institution in the world, have been ap- 
pli.^d with a more remarkably practical success. The whole sum 
expended by the Parent Society, up to April, 1832, is but about 
l.'i.j.OOO dollars, while the amount of exports from the Colony the 
year preceding was about $120,000 — and of imports, for that 
year, 880,000. 

This unprecedented commercial prosj^erity is but one item in 
the calaloirue of benefits which have but begun to bless the land 
of the African, so long the theatre of a system of cupidity and 
cruelty, unparalleled in the annals of the world. It is not merely 
that a new spring is given to industry in that quarter of the 
globe : — the colored race is gradually but certainly becoming in- 
vested with a power which will move that spring with an energy 
and a style of action unknown in their history for the lapse of 
centuries. 

The spirit of cnterprize on the coast of Africa, and the spirit of 
emigration in the Southern and AVestern States, are such, thatjt 
was announced at the late anniversary in Washington, that 
$200,000 cotdd now be profitably expended in fitting out expedi- 
tions for that land of promise. A letter from .lolin ]McPhail, Esq. 
of Norfolk, addressed to a luember of the Massachusetts 13oard, 
under date Jaiuiary 1st, 1833, has the following, after acknow- 
ledging the recej)tion of certain donations: — 

"Owing to the ship Lafayette, from j3altimore, being unex- 
pectedly fdled up wholly with emigrants from i\laryland, the Colo- 
nization Society had to charter another vessel, the brig Roanoke, 
which sailed from here on the 1th ult. for Liberia, having on 



board 127 emigrants, iiumy of tlicia possessing more than ortUna- 
ry intelligence. Among tiiem are tliree regularly licensed Meth- 
odist and one Baptist preacher, — and you Mill be [)lcased to hear 
that of the 127 emigrants, 115 were lately liberated on condition 
of their going to Africa. Many more of the same description are 
offered, but ior want of fimds to bear the expenses of transporta- 
tion, it will be some time before the Society can accept c^f them, 
and nothing but funds are wanting to increase the population of 
Liberia as fast as it woidd be |)rudent to do so. 

" I have annexed a list of emigrants to Africa for the last thir- 
teen months. 

" In the ship James Perkins, 343 ; ship Jupiter, first voyage, 
177 ; second voyage, 38 ; brig America»i, 128 ; brig Koauoke, 
127 — all from A'irginia ; ship Hercules, from Charleston, 150 ; 
ship Lafayette, from Baltimore, 150 y — making in all, 1113, ex- 
clusive of those shipped from New Orleans and other quarters, 
numbers unknown." 

The National Society is at the present time turning its atten- 
tion particularly to the agriculture of the Colony, having offered 
premiums to the Colonists, to a considerable amount, for the pro- 
motion of this object. 

The subject of education has received special attention during 
the past year. Schools for the instruction of all children in the 
Colony are established, or in progress, and the strongest assur- 
ances given that no pains shall be spared to diffuse a spirit of men- 
tal and moral improvement throughout this infant empire. Con- 
templating the enterprise in this light, it appears eminently worthy 
of the patronage and prayers of the people of New England. Al- 
ready has a liberal philanthropist in the city of New York made 
a donation of upwards of $2000 for the estabhshment of a high 
school for girls in the Colony. 

A recent letter from the Secretary at Washington gives the 
following interesting particulars : — 

" Valuable additional territory has been purchased, both at 
Grand Cape Mount and Grand Bassa — and settlements, it is ex- 
pected, will soon be commenced at both these places. The chiefs 
of Grand Cape have made the grant of lands on the sole condi- 
tion that settlers shall be placed upon it, and that schools shall be 
established for the benefit of native children. The annual ex- 
ports from Cape Mount, are estimated at from GO to 70,000 dol- 
lars. Both the agricultural and commercial interests of the Colo- 
ny have greatly advanced, during the year. Coffee has become 
an article of cultivation, and twenty thousand trees have been 
planted by a single individual, at one of the villages of the re- 
captured Africans. The agent saw one hundred and fifty acres 
planted with cassada and other vegetables. During the year, 
preceding the first of May last — 59 vessels had visited Monrovia, 
— of which 32 were Americans, 25 English, and two French. 
Caravans have visited the Colony, from remote parts of the interior." 



8 

"Three duirrlip? hnvc been crcctci], — one at Monrovia, and two 
elliers ai ilif villai^fs ot' the re-caplurcd Africans. The Auent of 
the Socieiy, 1-jlhot ('re.s>on, has tldiie nuicii lor the cau^^e in Eng- 
land. He iuis reniilled to the Pennsylvania Colonization Socie- 
ty S13:^^, and to tlie Parent Society $2429. One generous in- 
dividual in England has oM'ered to give ^500, if nine others will 
consent to do the same, and it is hoped that such a number of 
eul)scriptions may be obtained." 

In ailveriinu" to the ellbrts made for our cause in this Conmion- 
T\-oalih. it would be unjust, not to take notice of the Auxiliary 
Societies,- — whose eneriictic benevolence is an example to the 
State. U|)wards of ^7U0 have been contril)uted by the Worces- 
ter County Society the past season, and 32UU a year, for two 
years to come, have been pledged — half by the Hampshire Coun- 
ty Society, besides its other sources of income — and half by an 
individual member of that Society. 

County Societies have, during the year, through the exertions 
of the fioneral Accent of the Society for tlie ^Northern States, 
been formed in Hampshire, P^ranklin, and Berkshire Counties, 
embracing among their ollicers, intelligent and leading men in 
the several districts. Nothing but a small degree of exertion is 
requisite to form such Societies in every County in the State — 
public sentiment being strongly in favor of the Colonization Sys- 
tem. 

The l\Iapsachu.=:ptts Colonization Society, Auxiliary to the Na- 
tional Colonization Society, Avas organized in Boston, as recently 
as 1S31. Its oi')erations have been necessarily limited — owing 
partly to the distance at which a majority of its members reside 
from the city ; but the Board of Managers have never been un- 
mindful of tlie high responsibilities resting upon them. They 
have forwarded to the treasurer at Washington, from time to 
time, all the sums at their disposal — and the aggregate has been 
far greater than coukl reasonably have been anticipated, when 
we take into consideration i\\i infancy of the Society. The in- 
come has been gradually increasing, by the exertion and influ- 
ence of district associations, and the benevolent labors of good 
men in various sections of .the Commonwealth. 

An interesting correspondence has been carried on V>y a Com- 
mittee of the Board, on the subject of education in the Colony of 
Liberia — which has resulted in the a))prtii)riati(in ])y this Society, 
of.s-lOO a year ft)r the sujiport of a colored male instructor and 
$2(JU for the maintenance of a colored woman, who are compe- 
tent to discharge the duties of public instructors cf the youth of 
Liberia — and M'ho will co-operate with others, in raising the 
Ftandard of education, morality, and social happiness on that once 
degraded co;\st. 

It is unn(!ccssary to enter into a detail of all the minor con- 
cerns of this association, which have had for their ol)joct the in- 
vt'btigation of facts — accompanied ^\ilh a determined resolution, 



not to be iiiattcMtivc nor idle spectators of one of the grandest 
schemes of charity and refined benevolence, which true philan- 
thropy has ever presented to any age or country. 

While the Board of Miuiagers gratefuily acknowledge the as- 
sistance of the friends of African Colonization, who have sustain- 
ed them, thus far, in the great plan of enlarging the sphere of 
Christianity, civihzation, useful knowledge, and human h.ippi- 
ness, — they humbly and fervently pray that the cause which they 
are pleading for the oppressed, the wretched African, may con- 
tinue to have the blessing and approving smile of Heaven. 



Hon. Alexander H. Everett moved the acceptance of 
the Report, and made, in substance, the following remarks. 

I rise, Mr. President, to move the acceptance of the Rrport wliich lias just 
been read, and I avail myself ot" the occasion to make a Ibw observations uj)()n 
the ol)jects and character of this Association. I sliall confine myself to as nar- 
row limits as possible, as well that 1 may not exhaust your patience, as that I 
may not encroach too much upon the time which will be so much more agree- 
ably and profitably occupied by the gentlemen who will follow me. 

The idea, Mr President, which first sugg-esLed the establishment of this As- 
sociation was extremely simple. There are constantly many persons among 
the proprietors of slaves in the Southern States, who are desirous, from various 
motives, to give them their liberty, — some for the purpose of relieving them- 
selves from a troublesome and dangerous neighborhood, others from conscien- 
tious scruples as to the propriety of retaining them in servitude, and all, proba- 
bly, from a wish to promote their happiness. But before the establishment of 
this Association, it was found very difficuU for such persons to realize their be- 
nevolent views, in consequence of the embarrassing position of the slaves alter 
their emancipation. In some ot" the states free blacks are not permitted to re- 
side ; in others their situation is, for obvious reasons, uncomfortable ; in none 
will they be able, while the present prejudice agamst tlieir color remains in full 
force, to place themselves on a footing of perfect social and political equality 
with the whites. Under these circumstances, the idea naturally occurred to 
some benevolent persons, that by planting a Colony of free and civilized blacks 
upon the coast of Africa, an asylum might be provided where tlie manumitted 
slave, returning to the home of his fathers, might enjoy witli his recovered 
liberty the political and social rights and blessings, without which liberty is not 
worth having. 

Such, Sir, if I rightly understand the matter, was the simple object for which 
this Association was originally formed, and if it never had effected, and were 
never likely to effect an\' other good than that of furnishing a convenient refuge 
for emancipated slaves, and thus facilitating and encouraging the process of 
emancipation, it would be well entitled to public favor. But, such is the wise 
and beautiful economy of Providence, that when we sincerely and honestly at- 
tempt to accomplish some good purpose, we generall}' find that we also promote, 
at the same time, various others of a kindred character, that are directly or in- 
directly connected with it; — often much more important than the one original- 
ly intended. The founders of the Colonization Society contemplated probably, 
the formation of a modest settlement, where an oppressed and suffering class of 
our countrymen might rest from their labors. This they are accomplishing, but 
they are accomplishing, and will accomplish a great deal more. Sir, the}' have 
taken the first steps in an enterprise, of which the final results will be the com- 
plete abolition of the slave trade and the regeneration of the great continent of 
Africa. It is now about fifteen years since the Association was formed, and so 
rapidly have its consequences been realized, that it has already becon)e the ob- 
ject of admiration throughout the world. One of the most enlightened and dis- 
tingiiished noblemen in England — Lord Althorp, the Chancellor of the Exche- 

2 



10 

quel — at a late |)ublic iiicetiiijj, jironminccd tlio fimmlution of llie Colony ol" 
Libt'ria to be one of the greatest i-vciits of iiiodcrn times. 

Sir, 1 cannot help viewiiiir il in that liglu. Jl is now apparent, that the great 
evil of the slave trade was the nieaus, prepared in the order of Providence, for 
planting tin- irerMis of iniproveuient among tiie black race, and ultimately restor- 
ing liieni to their ancient rank in the great human family. The success of the 
Colony of Liberia will doutitless lead to the establishment of others on the same 
principh's in other parts of thi- coast, until it is finally covered by a continuous 
chain of these settlements. This will effectually cut ofl'the accursed tralhc in 
human flesh, which all the otlier means tiiat have been ado|)ted for the purpose 
have only seemed to airirravate. From the coast, the arts and comforts of life, 
education, religion, will gradually extend themselves into the interior, until, 
as we may reasonably hojie, they effect a complete revolution in the condi- 
tion of the inhal)itaiits, and bring them back to the high state of civilization 
whiih, at a former period of their history, a part of them at least appear to liaye 
attained. 

A variety of circiunstances, Mr. President, seem to concur to render the pre- 
sent moment, and the place where the Colony has been founded, tlie most pro- 
pitious that could i)nssibly have been selected for such a jiurpose. At a lime 
when the failure of innumerable attempts to explore the central regions of Afri- 
ca, and tlie untimely dealii of the enterprizing travellers wiio have engaged in 
them had nearly induced the friends of humanity and improvement to abandon 
the undertaking, two or three parties, more fortunate than their predecessors, 
have succeeded almost simultaneously in penetrating by different routes, into 
the heart of the interior of this mysterious continent. All the great geographi- 
cal problems connected with it, that had so long baffled the curiosity of inquir- 
ers, are now solved. An obscure and unjnetending Frenchman, without edu^ 
cation or advantages ; two Fnglisii brotlieis, belonging to the class of domestic 
servants, have, to their lasting honor, accomplished what scientific travellers 
and powerful as.sociations had so long attempted in vain. The position of Tira- 
buct(J0 has at last been ascertained, — the course of the Niger has been explored. 
That river has been found to empty itself into the Atlantic Ocean at a point not 
very remote from the iniiint Colou}^ of Liberia. The portion of Africa which it 
waters appears, from the accounts of these travellers, to be one of the finest re- 
gions on the globe — resembling in its physical characteristics the valley of the 
Mississip|)i — lilest with every advantage of soil and climate, covered with towns 
and villag(>s, peopled by a race who have made no inconsiderable progress in 
the arts of life. Within a very few 3'ears, perhaps months, we shall hear of 
steam boats navigating this unexplored river, of which, two years ago, the most 
learned geographer did not know the direction or outlet. Thus a free and easy 
cdinmunication with the most populous and cultivated portions of Africa has 
haj)j)ily been oi)ened at the very moment when the first germs of in)i)rovemcnt 
have been planted on the coast, and every fiicility is afforded for a rapid diffu- 
sion of thi'ir (ruits over the whole continent. 

I confess, Mr. President, that I look forward with much satisfaction to the 
results of tlie.se interesting events. I anticipate with very great pleasure the 
[>eriod wlirn the whole South-western coast of Africa will be covered with 
ffourishing settlenients of free blacks, and when a con.stanland free intercouise 
will be held lietween them and the inland nations in their neighborhood. I re- 
joice at it, not merely because it will open to our enterprizing merchants a new 
and lucrative branch of tradt — although this of itself is no contemptible advan 
tngi — but. Sir, I rejoice at it because It will, as 1 have already remarked, utter- 
ly and fori'ver annihilate that abominable trallic, which, fVir the last three cen- 
turies has been the standing disgrace of CliristeiKJom : I rejoice at it, because 
it will elevate millions of our fellow-men from ;i rude and semi-barbarou.s, to a 
civilized condition. Is it not delightful, Sir, to think that the .schoolmaster, 
who, wo are told, is abroad every where, will shortly be at home in Africa .' that 
the light of le.iriiing will very sooii visit her pop'iilous towns and cities.' that 
till- apostle of the true n ligion will jiitch his tent under the shade of her loOy 
palm trees.' that the banks of her broail and nobli- rivers will resound with the 
eweet nuiHir of the Hongs of Zion ? Is there any thing visionaiy in these antic- 
ipatiouM ? Sir, they arc simple statements of (acts which are going on before 
our eyes While f am now speaking, the enterpiizing brothers, "who first broke 
the «[H'II, which for ages preceding, had slirou<lr(l the course of tiie Niger in a 
cloud of iiii|MnetrabIe niystury, are ascending that river with their steam boats. 



11 

Wliilo 1 am now speaking, piei)anitions arc making in this very city, to take 
advantage of the first opening afforded by tlie discoveries tliat they may make, 
for the pur[)ose of establishing missionary stations in tiie heart of Alrica. No, 
Sir, there is notliing visionary in all this. I have stati'd merely facts, but they 
are facts more strange, more interesting, more delightful than tlie fairest dreams 
of the most poetical lancy. 

In all this movement, Mr. President, the Colony at Liberia, and the others 
that will j)robably be established on the same plan, will be among the most ef- 
fective and useful instruments. But, Sir, we are sometimes told that all these 
efforts will be unavailing — that the Atrican is a degraded member of the human 
family — that a man wila a dark skin and curled hair is necessarily, as such, in- 
capable of improvement and civilization, and condenmcd by the vice of his 
physical conformation to vegetate forever in a state of hopeless barbarism. Mr. 
President, I reject with contempt and indignation this miserable heresy. In re- 
plying to it, the friends of truth and humanity have not hitherto done justice to 
the argument. In order to prove tliat the blacks were capable of intellectual 
efforts, they have painfully collected a few imperfect specimens of what some 
of tliem have done in this way, even in the degraded condition which they oc- 
cupy' at present in Christendnm. Sir, this is not the way to lieat tiie subject. 
Go back to an earlier period in the history of our race. See what the blacks 
were, and what they did, three thousand 3'ears ago, in the i)eriod of their great- 
ness and glory, when they occupied the fore front in the march of civilization 
— when tliey ct)iistituted, in fact, the whole civilized world of their time. Trace 
this very civilization, of which we are so proud, to its origin, and see where you 
will find it. We received it from our European ancestors : — they had it from 
the Greeks and Romans, and the Jews. But, Sir, where did the Greeks, the 
Romans, and the Jews get it .'' They derived it from Ethiopia and Egypt, — in 
one word — from Africa. Moses, we are told, was instructed in all the learning 
of the Egj'ptians. The founders of the principal Grecian cities — such as 
Athens, Thebes, and Delphi — came from Egypt, and for centuries afterwards, 
their descendants returned to that country, as the source and centre of civiliza- 
tion. There it was that the generous and stirring spirits of the time — Herodo- 
tus, Homer, Plato, Pythagoras, and the rest, made their noble voyages of intellec- 
tual and moral discovery, as ours now make them in England, France, Germany, 
and Italy. Sir, the Egyptians were the masters of the Greeks and Jews, and 
consequently of all the modern nations in civilization, and they had carried it 
very nearly as far — in some respects, perhaps, a good deal further than any sub- 
sequent people. The ruins of the Egyptian temples laugh to scorn the archi- 
tectural monuments of any other part of the world They will be, what they 
are now, the delight and admiration of travellers from all quarters, when the 
grass is growing on the sites of St. Peter's and St. Pauls, — the present pride of 
Rome and London. 

Well, Sir, who were the Egyptians.' They were Africans: — and of what 
race ? — It is sometimes pretended, that, though Africans, and of Ethiopian ex- 
traction, they were not black. But what says the father of history — who had 
travelled among them, and knew their appearance as well as we know that of 
our neighbors in Canada .? Sir, Herodotus tells you that the Egyj)tians were 
blacks, with curled hair. Some writers have undertaken to dispute his author- 
ity, but I cannot bring myself to believe, that the father of histoiy did not know 
black from white. It seems, therefore, that tor this very civilization of which 
we are so proud, and which is the only ground of our present claim of superior- 
ity, we are indebted to the ancestors of these very blacks, whom we are pleased 
to consider as naturally incapable of civilization. 

So much for the supposed inferiority of the colored race, and their incapacity 
to make any progress in civilization and improvement. And it is worth while, 
Mr. President, to remark, that the prejudice whicli is commonly entertained in 
this country, but which does not exist to any thing like the same extent in Eu- 
rope, against the color of the blacks, seems to have grown out of the unnatural 
position which they occupy among us. At the period to which I just alluded, 
when the blacks took precedence of the whites in civilization, science, and po- 
litical power, no such prejudice appears to have existed. The early Greek 
writers speak of the Ethiopians and Egyptians as a superior variety of the spe- 
cies : — superior, not merely in intellectual and moral qualities, but what may 
seem to be much more remarkable, in outward appearance. The Ethiopians, 
says Herodotus, excel all other nations in longevity, stature, and personal beaq- 



\2 

ty. The blark princo, Memin^n, who sorved anion^ tlic Trojan auxiliaries at 
the siciTi' ot'Trnv, (probahlv an Eg'y|>tian j)rince.) is constanlly spoken of by the 
CJret'k and Latin writer-s, as a ])erton ol" extraordinary bc-auty, and is qualified 
03 the son of Aurora, or tlie Morning. There are, in short, no traces of any 
prejudice whatever aijainsl tlie color of the blacks, like that which has grown 
up ill modern times, and wiiich is obviously the result of the relative condition 
of tile two races. Tiiis prejudice forms at present, as was correctly observed 
by Presidi-nt Madison in one of his speeches in the late V'ir(rinia Convention, 
tlie chief obstacle to the practical ini])rovenient of the condition of tiiat ])orlion 
of them who reside in this country. If tliey were of the same race with our- 
selves, the process of emancipation would be rapid, and almost imperceptible, 
as happened in Europe, when the mass of the population passed, in the course 
of two or three centuries, from a state of villenatje to that of personal indepen- 
dence, with so little trouble or commotion, that there are scarcely traces enough 
left in the history of the times to inform us of the means by which the change 
was immediately acconiplitdicd. 

1 have enlarged a little, Mr. President, upon the effect which the operations 
of this Association, in connexion with other causes, is likely to produce upon 
the civilization of Africa, because it is to me the most interesting aspect, under 
which the Association can be considered. Other gentlemen may pnfer to view 
it under others, but this is the result which seems to be likely to j)rove tlie most 
important and salutary. I was not, Mr. President — if so liumlile an individual 
may be permitted to allude to his own private sentiments, upon a subject of so 
much interest — I was not, in the first instance, very favorably impressed in re- 
gard to the character of this institution. Looking at it as it has been sometimes 
represented, as intended chiefly to remove from this country the colored por- 
tion of the population, 1 was inclined to consider it as an inadequate instrument 
for effecting an object in itself impracticnble, and which, if it could be effected, 
would be. al\er all, of doubtful utility. The pecuniary means at the disposal of 
the Association never have been, and probably never will be, sufficient to pay 
the expenses of the transportation to Africa of a tenth part of the annual in- 
crease of the colored people. It is quite clear, therefore, tliat there could be no 
prospect of ever making any approach, in this way, to a removal of the whole 
mass. And, Sir, if this could be effected' why should we desire it? Is there 
not ample room and verge enough in our vast territory for the whole popula- 
tion of all colors, classes, and descriptions .' Is it not our true policy rather, as 
far as possible, to induce emigration from abroad, than to endeavor to remove 
two or three millions of our present inhabitants.' Whatever may be the case 
in the crowded countries of the Old World, here at least, thank God, there is 
no pressure of population upon the means of subsistence. Sir, it is literally 
true in this country, that the harvest is many and the laborers few. And this 
l»eing the case, shall the little accident of the different color wiiich it has pleas- 
ed Providence to give to their complexion, render an entire variety of our fel- 
low-men so odious to us, that we cannot abide them in the same continent .' 
Suppose, Sir. that you or I, or any individual, had it in his power, by a mere 
act of the will, to change the color of the whole black race to white, would it 
be a proof of good sen.se and good feeling to exercise the power.' Sup])ose that 
an individual had it in his power by an act of the will, to change all the black 
eyes in this assembly to blue, or all the white and yellow roses in our gardens 
to red f* Would he think it worth while to exercise it.' Sir, one of these ope- 
rations would be just as judicious as the other. The attempt to break down the 
beautiful variety that pervades all the works of Providence into a tame and 
monotonous Baineness, is every way objectionable. To desire the removal 
of two millions of our population, mc-rely because their complexion is different 
from that of the rest, would be inconsistent with any correct princijjies of taste, 
morals, or political economy. No Sir, I am quite willing that the colored peo- 
ple should remain with us. What we really ought to desire is, that their pres- 
ent political situation Hhould he improved, that they should he. in the lanirnage 
of Ciirran, redeemed, rc.rrnerited, and disenthralled — that they should be plac- 
ed, in short, on an equil fooiinir in point of civil and political rights, with all 
thp other inhibitants of our favored country. This, Sir. is a chancre which 
ought to be efTected— which must, at some tiine or other, be elleeted — which. I 
have no hesitation in sayinir, will at no very distant period Le effected. By 
what means it is to bo brought about, I shall not undertake to anticipate. The 
Bfli-ction of tlipse mubt be led to the intelligence and liberality of the States 



13 

wliich are ^.-j.v the imniecliutc sulierers under llii.s great evil. The oi)fration oi' 
curing it is too delicate to be advantiigeously uiulertukeii by any foreign hand. 
That it will pretty soon be undertaken and carried throngh by the iStale.s most 
immediately interested, may Ic looked upon as a matter of absolute certainty. 
Independently of the higher motives of humanity, justice, generosity, and love 
of freedom, so congenial to the noble character of our S(Jiithern bielhren, we 
have a strong assurance of this in tlu- fact, that their own immediate interest is 
deeply engaged in taking this nii'asure. '1 he coiiviction is every day more and 
more strongly and generally lelt at the South, that this is the real plague spot, 
which corrupts the secret sources of their prosperity. Other causes may, to a 
certain extent, liave co-operated in checking ihe progress of this j;art of the 
country, but it is now pretty generally ackmnvledgeti, that the real and only 
efiective evil is Slavery. Jt is this, Sir, and not the Tariff', that throws a blight 
over the fair face of one of the most favored regions of the globe, and e.\hibits 
it in respect to wealth and comfort, under so unj)leasant a contrast with other 
much less fertile portions of the Union. The conviction of this truth has alrea- 
dy taken deep root at the South, particularly in the distinguished and leading 
state of Virginia. Its final result will be the complete emancipation of all tlie 
slaves. 

Without co-operating directly in effecting this object, which is not within 
their sphere of action, the Colonization Society gives, indirectly, a very impor- 
tant and effectual aid in bringing it about. By cutting uj) the iniamous traffic 
in human flesh at the roots, it prevents the increase of the evil, which would 
otherwise be occasioned by clandestine importations. By establishing Colonies 
of free and civilized blacks in Africa, and raising the general standard of civili- 
zation on that continent, it will gradually remove the prejudice against the col- 
ored race, and place them in public opinion where they ought to stand — upon 
a footing of perfect equality with their brethren of the great human family In 
proportion as these objects are accomplished, the task of final emancipation will 
be comparatively easy, and may be ultimately effected almost without effort. 
By looking at the Association under this point of view, I have been led. Sir, to 
correct the impression which I had originally formed of it, and to consider it — 
as it is generally considered by the enlightened citizens of our country — as one 
of the most valuable and important of our benevolent Associations. 

I am aware. Sir, that some objections have lately been raised against the ob- 
jects and modes of^ proceeding of this Association, especially in this part of the 
country. It is not my purpose to enter at length into an examination and refu- 
tation of those objections. The length of time during which I have already 
trespassed upon your patience, would render it improper, and I must leave this 
part of the subject to be treated in detail by some cf the gentlemen who luay 
follow me, and who will doubtless do it justice. I will merely remark, that 
giving full credit to the members of other Associations for the goodness of^ their 
intentions, and without inquiring too minutely whether their language and pro- 
ceedings have, on every occasion, been marked by the perfect discretion so es- 
sential to any effectual step in this delicate business, it is difficult to see why 
tliey should think it necessary to impeach the motives and attack the proceed- 
ings of an Institution, which is pursuing with zeal, steadiness, and thus far, 
with signal succes, a kindred object, that not only in no way interferes with, 
but greatly promotes and facilitates, the one at which they profess to aim. Do 
the gentlemen, who are so anxious for the immediate abolition of slavery, sup- 
pose that this most desirable consummation will be retarded by completely 
eradicating the slave trade, and proving the capacity of the colored people for 
civilization and freedom, by that best of all possible tests — example ? Sir, the 
operations of the Colonization Society will do more than any other cause to 
give encouragement to all the efforts that may be made with discretion and 
judgment for the improvement of the condition of the slaves. I cannot but 
hope, that reflection and experience will gradually satisfy such of our fellow- 
citizens in this neighborhood as are now disposed to doubt the expediency of 
our efforts. In the mean time. Sir, the opposition which we have to encounter 
here, has at least this good effect, that it affords to our Southern brethren the 
best evidence they could possibly have, that this Institution is managed with 
the necessary discretion and moderation. When they find it attacked, as too 
favorable to the interests of the proprietors of slaves, by men whom we may 
perhaps, without ofi'ence, denominate the indiscreet friends of freedom and hu- 
manity, they will naturally conclude that w'e have observed, in our proceed- 



1^ 

ings, tlio ciiution whicli tlio nature of the object so imperiously dictates, and 
tint Diir errors, if we liavt- c-imiiiiittod any, are on the safe side. 

Permit inc. sir, belbrc 1 close, to congratulate you and the Association upon 
the manner in which the vacancy, occasioned in the Presidency of the Associ- 
ation by tiie liiuieuted decease of the last Signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, has been recently filled. The venerable sage of Monlpelier, Mr. 
Madison, has con.sented, by accepting this place, to lend the sanction of his 
great name to this good cause. It would be quite superfluous, Sir, to attempt 
in cnlirire on the value of this sanction, or to recapitulate the numerous titles 
which this eminent statesman and patriot has acquired to the esteem and confi- 
dence of his country. This last labor will close, in a truly consistent and hon- 
orable manner, the serene, and, I trust, long to be protracted evening of his 
glorio\is life. The concerns of the Association, Mr. President, as we have just 
learned from the able Rejiort of the Agent, are in everv respect in a very flour- 
ishing condition. The Colony has surmounted the ditiiculties incident to every 
new establishment of this description, and has reached a point from which its 
future progress may be regarded as comparatively easy and sure. The order 
and comfort prevailing among its inhabitants have already excited the admira- 
tion of the neighboring Albicans, and created a strong impression in favor of 
civilizition, im|)rovement. and Christianity. The liberality of some of the 
stales hiLS furnished an abundant su])ply of additional resources, and every ap- 
pearance seems to prognosticate, for the Association, a careerof constantly aug- 
menting activity and usefulness. Lot me hope, Mr. President, that no inaus- 
picious event may occur to blast these fair prospects, and that we may witness, 
within our own time, some of the great results which this Association is destin- 
ed to produce abroad and at home. 



Rev. J. N. DakfortiI; on rising to second the resolution oflcr- 
ed by Mr. Everett, remarked that he had expected to have the 
pleasure of seeing tliiri done by Dr. J. C. Warren, wlio had sent 
a note to the Meeting, which he held in his hand, and which he 
would ask ))ennission to read. 

[This note apologized for unavoidable absence, and cxpres.5ed 
a lively interest in the objects of the Society.] 

Mr. D. proceeded to explain an item in the Report, which 
seemed not to be understood by some x)f the assembly. It refer- 
red to the appropriation by the Massachusetts Board, diu'ing the 
past week, of six lumdred dollars, for purposes of education in 
Liberia, and the reservation of four hundred more to be placed in 
charge of the Committee of Correspondence, Rev. Messrs. Mal- 
coM and Gannett, and to be applied at their discretion to the 
advancement of education in the Colony. Such benefactions, 
Mr. D. said, were worthy the City of Boston, which had 
ever Ijcen first in cidtivating the intellect, and thereby giving it 
power over the world. He hoped such ap|)roprial ions would be 
multiplied by the generosity of the iidiabitants of this city. 



On motion of Willi a.ai Ladd Esq. of Maine, seconded by 
Charles Tapj'an, Estj. of this city, 

Rcsoh'cd, That the Atnerican Colonization Society merits the 
confidence; and palrunage of all wlio arc oppo.sed, on i)iiiiciplo, to 
slavery. 

Mil. PllKSlliKNT, 

I have been prevailed upon to address tlie Society this year, cliiefly by a desire 
to correct a very erroneous statement of opinions which 1 uttered last year on 



13 

a similar occasion. I do not accuse any one of u-ilfully misstating my senti- 
ments, the reason of the error was pcrliaps, the; confused manner ol my deliv- 
ering my sentiments, occasioned by the trepidation, which one from the coun- 
try naturally feels when addressing a refined I'oston audience. In a report of 
that speech, 1 was made to approve of the withholding- of knowledge from the 
slaves of the south, for fear tliat, in learning to read the Jiible, they would learn to 
read the encomiums on liberty, and then the intlanunatory writings of the north. 
I was barely staling the excuses of the slave holders, but for myself, Sir, I ab- 
hor such sentiments, and were I again a slave holder, I would give my slaves 
the Bible at all hazards, even if I did not give them tlieir liberty. 1 like better, 
Sir, the conduct of some ladies in Charleston who had taught a colored Sab- 
bath scliool. The state passed a law, making the penalty of any person who 
taught a coloured person to read and wiite, thirty nine stripes on the naked 
back, '• well laid on." Sir, 1 believe the ladie.s in Charleston nuUIJicd the act of 
the state, and well they might; for it was contrary to the constitution of nature. 
The law was of itself a nullity; for where in the wide world can that miscreant 
be found, who could indict such a punishment on a woman. I mean a white 
woman, Sir, for, alas, every black woman in our southern states is liable to have 
her back lashed to the bone, and many actually suti'er it ; and how little does it 
move the sympathies of their fairer sisters of the north ! But, Sir, it is not my 
intention to excite symyathy by tales of cruelty inflicted on our black brethren ; 
for were an eye witness to state the facts he has seen with his own eyes, they 
would appear almost incredible, and when they had gone through the hands of 
a repetition they would appear quite so. 

It is my intention, this evening, to vindicate the society against certain 
charges brought against it by men whose motives I will not question, and for 
that purpose olfer the following resolution. 

Resolved, That the American Colonization Society desefves 
the patronage of all who are, from principle, opposed to slavery. 

The time. Sir, is so far spent, that I can not take up these objections individ- 
ually, and must, in a manner, take them in the aggregate. Most of the objec- 
tions brought against the Colonization Society, are founded on the opinions, 
speeches, and expressions of some of its professed followers and supporters. 
Sir, the christian religion itself would be condemned by the same superficiaJ 
judgment, for the same reasons. 

Two objections, of a nature contrary to one another, are also brought against 
the Society. One is, that it is drawing off all the most inteligent of the colored 
population from the country, and therebj' retarding the emancipation of the 
slaves. The other is, that the Society is guilty of the folly of attempting, with 
the ignorant and vicious freed slaves of the south, to civilize and evangelize 
Africa. They charge us with sending only the intelHgent free blacks, and they 
accuse us of sending the ignorant liberated slaves — but the first objection is 
most insisted on. 

In order to understand this subject, a discrimination must be made between 
these two classes of our black population. Those who are born and educated 
free, and those who are liberated slaves, and this can be done better by example 
than description. 

Many years ago, I loaded a ship in Savannah and had for my stevedore one 
Joe Blog. He was one of the smartest and most faithful men I ever employed. 
I gave his master a dollar a day for him, and gave Joe privately half a dollar a day 
beside. Joe was active, sleek, well dressed, and sprightly. Joe icas a slave. 
Some years after I returned to the same port, and sought out my old friend Joe, 
and employed him. He was idle, restless, ragged, and lazy, and I soon dis- 
missed him. Joe teas free. And as far as my observation has extended, and I 
ha\e lived long in slave countries, this is a fair san)ple of the liberated slaves, 
though there are noble exceptions. But I consider it more their misfortune 
than their fault. With no other incentive to labor than the fear of the lash, 
uneducated and ignorant, what better can we expect.' 

But the colored man, born and educated free, is a very different character. I 
sailed to Europe in the ship Alpha, commanded, and part owned, by Captain Paul 
Cuffee, and was the only white person on board. Cuffee was an able shipmas- 
ter, an honest, virtuous and philanthropic man, and was esteemed in Europe as 
much, at least, as the supercargo. Soon after that ,time, Cuffee conceived the 
idea of colonizing the free colored people in Africa, and made two or three 



la 

voyages to Sierra l^coiie lor tliut purpose, but tlie war and liis subsoquoul death 
put an end to liis benevolc-nt schemes ; liad it not been for this, he would proba- 
bly have commenced a colony near to Sierra Leone under the British Hag. IJe 
spent a great part of his I'orlune in theie enterprises. 1 was also acquainted 
with J. li. llusswurm in liis youth, and was once called on an arbitration or 
coniieil. Id settle difiiculties wliich had arisen between the scholars at an acade- 
my in .Maine, and the towns jieople. The scholars chose llusswurai lor their 
spokesman, and he managed their cause like an orator. I was present when he 
look his degree at Bowdoin college, and a more able part was not performed oji 
tiie statje that day, whether we consider matter or maimer. I advised him to go 
to llayli. but he took a better course and went to Liberia, where he is now one 
of the most prominent characters. 

Now, Sir, our opponents both in England and America, allow that the scheme 
of colonizing .\frica is beautiful and philanthropic, and it is desirable that At'rica 
should beevangolizi'd and civilized. — Whom shall wo send there .' such men as 
Joe Blog .' or such men as Cutfee and Russwurm .' If the convicts had been sent 
to this country before the pilgrims, what would now have been our charac- 
ter.' 

But our opponents tell us that we should send white missionaries to Africa. 
Sir, it is well known, by sad experience, that while men cannot live for any 
length of time in Africa ; and 1 verily believe that the Holy Spirit has forbid- 
den the while man to preach the Gospel in the sultry climes of Africa, and re- 
served that honor for the black man ; whose residence even for centuries, in a 
northern climate, has not so changed his constitution, but that the mortality 
among the black settlers would not be one tenth so great as among the 
whites. 

But our opponents taunt us with the reproach, that the Colonization Society 
has not yet slopped the slave trade. Sir, it is with grief that 1 am compelled to 
allow it. But whose fault is that.' Does it belong to those who have done all 
lliey can toward it, and are still making progress.' orto those who have done all 
they could to prevent it .' Suppose, Sir, a farmer has a fifty acre field to enclose 
with al'ence, and he goes to w<jrk, and in two da3-s builds two rods of stone 
wall, but still the cattle get in and out. His lazy neighbor might taunt him by 
saying, " Ah, my friend, you sec it is of no use to build stone wall ; your two rods 
of lence have not secured your field." Which of the two should we call a wise 
man .' It is true, the settlements of Sierra Leone and Liberia have not yet stop- 
ped the slave trade beyond the e.\tent of their si'ttlements and influence, and it 
is, to the disgrace of human nature, carried on to almost as groat an extent, and 
with greater barbarity, than when it was licensed; but they have stopped it on 
this portion of the coast which they occupy ; and when they shall have extend- 
ed all along the coast, they will etfcctually fence in Africa, against the nian- 
sti-aler, and in no other way will the slave trade ever be stopjied. 

Our anti-slavery friends warn us against the use of the products of slavery, 
and in this I commend them. But to what country can we look for a substitute 
for sufh j)roducts with so nmcli hope as to Africa. Already the exports from 
the colony ar(! considerable, [12."),n()0 during the last year,] and I hope, Sir, to 
see the day when the exuberant fertility of liberated civilized Africa will fur- 
nish us with all the tropical products which we shall need, and thus, while it 
cuts off the sources of slaver}' on the one hand, will lessen the demand for the 
produce of sl.ive labor on the other — when a mighty empire shall arise on the 
shores of Africa, and such men as Cufiee and Russwurm become the Brad- 
fords, the Cabots and the Winthrops ot" the new eini)ire. Sir, the scene is 
bright with anticipations of future glory and ha|jj)iness which must warm the 
lieart of every philanlhro|)ist, and could that arm be found which would rend 
this scene and tear up by the roots the little settlements of Liberia and Sierra 
L<'one, an<l the black night of superstition, barliarity and the slave trade, again 
sweep over unha])ppy Africa, should we call it the arm of an angel, or a demon.' 
He might rejoice at the desolations he had caused, but humanit}' and religion 
would weep over theni. But, Sir, we have no such fears, we believe that the 
Colonization Socii-lies of this country, and of our friends in Great BriUiin, will 
throw a belt of light and beauty around poor Africa, which will forever banish 
the slave trade and barbarism from that oppressed country, and of itself form 
also a bnnil of union between us and our British friends; and the colonies, 
favored and |irolecled by two of the most powertul nations in the world, 
will extend and Ijourish, until our most sanguino expectations shall be realiz- 
ed. 



17 

Resolved^ That the objects of the American Colonization So- 
ciety connnend themselves with peculiar urgency to the approba- 
tion and aid of every Christian in the land. 

Mr. Stow, in ollering the above resolution, remarked, in sub- 
stance, as follows : 

Tlio patrons of this enterprise doubtless contemplate its character throntrji 
different mediums, and yield it tiieir friendliness under the iiiHueiice of dilVer- 
cnt motives. So various are the objects which it is adapted and intended to 
accomplish, that one may regard it with favor for one reason, and another for a 
different reason, wliilo each may feel that the as])ect in which he views it, 
and llie particular consideration whicli appeals effectively to his sjenerous sym- 
pathy, are of sullicient importance to justify his unreserved co-operation. 
Hence, amonir tl;e variety of reasons that secure the concurrence of its numer- 
ous friends, we find the foreijrn reason and the domestic — the Southern reason 
and the Northern — the political, the commercial and the religious reason. 

But, Sir, tiiere is one patron of this enterprise, whose discerning eye contem- 
plates it in every aspect, and whose candor appreciates all its designs and ten- 
dencies, and in whose bosom all these reasons are blended into one, and whose 
kindness hesitates not to express the cordial wish, and extend the liberal hand, 
and offer the fervent prayer for its enlarged success. Her name is Christianity. 

She is the friend of Africa, and over her multiplied sufferings she has oflen 
poured the tears of sympathy. Fifteen centuries ago she had a liome in that 
dark land, and many of her sable sons were among the most gifted of the age, 
and the communities over which her primeval spirit held holy sway, were large 
and flourishing. But the spirit of error subsequently usurped her throne, and 
she was driven Northwaid to seek an asylum in rougher regions and sterner 
climes. To this succeeded a long and dreary night, and the land of Ham was 
enveloped in its thickest shades, and Christianity, imprisoned among the fast- 
nesses of the Alps, thought in vain of piercing the gloom with her radiance, or 
of shedding upon that benighted population the beams of her day-star. From 
the ruins of Carthage to the southernmost Cape, and from the Isthmus of Suez 
to the pillars of Plercules, over the entire peninsula, every habitable spot 
swarmed with human beings ; but every intellect of those millions was dark 
with ignorance, and every heart dark with idolatry and crime. At length this 
midnight silence was interrupted, though b}^ no friendly voice. The "fierce 
spoiler" commenced his deadly work of dispeopling this land, and tearing away 
its untutored tribes to work his mines, and cultivate his cane-fields, in the isles 
of the West. A scene ensued to which no barbarian annals, no savage tradition 
furnish a parallel : — 

" Loud and perpetual o'er the Atlantic waves, 
For guilty ages, rolled the tide of slaves ; 
A tide that knew no fall, no turn, no rest. 
Constant as day and night, from east to west; 
Still widening, deepening, swelling in its course, 
With boundless ruin, and resistless force." 

This was a spectacle at which Christianity wept blood, and her anguish was 
the keener, as she saw that these ruffian wretches wore her livery, and claimed 
to be her fast friends. Africa, thus rifled of her noblest progeny, she pitied, and 
she pitied that progeny, too, doomed to bondage, service, stripes, and perhaps 
death. She ever has been, and still is, the best friend of the slave ; and she 
has proved her friendship by devising and executing the wisest schemes, either 
to secure his release from inglorious thraldom, or the softening of the rigors of 
his unrighteous servitude. 

Intent upon delivering Africa from her cruel exactors, she pirompted a Sharpe, 
a Clarkson, and a Wilberforce to expose the character of the slave-trade, and 
to persevere in holding up its horrors to the execration of the world — and she 
presided in England's councils when the stern voice of truth and conscience 
prevailed, and the traffic was abolished and condemned as abhorrent to human- 
ity and to God. 

And I have said that Christianity is the patron of the Society whose claims 
we are to-night considering. It was indeed under the prom])tings of her be- 
nevolence that the enterprise had its origin. The sainted spirits of such men 
as Finley, and Caldwell, and Boudinot, could tell you that the corner stone 

3 



IS 

was laid in prayer, iimi w itli liLvt'ul reliance on the blessin<r of Ilim whose are 
llif ijold uii(i thf silvi'r nf tlio fui-th, and in whose hund are the hearts ol'uien. 
'I'here is, Sh'. but a lew yards from the gorgeous edifice in which our JNational 
IjOgisIature holds its deliberations, a hurnble dwelling, where a lew of the 
friends of the Negro, and the Negro's God, were accustomed to assemble, and 
solicit Divine guidance touching their own and their coun,try's duty upon this 
niomeutnus tuliject. And their petition was heard, and a plan was matured, 
and the time arrived for its execution. 

And though at the organization ol the Society men gave it their countenance, 
whose piety, and whose pliilanthroj)y even, are very questionable — and though 
it still reckons many among its friends whose motives are immensely remote 
from the religious, yet the presiding spirit, the life and soul of the Institution 
has ever been, and ever must be. Christian principle. The patriot and the 
Hiatesuian are di'eply concerned in its success, and they cannot withhold their 
inlluence and co-operation — but it commends itself especially to the Chris- 
tian heart, for there it finds a chord that vibrates in unison with its noble de- 
sign. The most active and efficient friends of the scheme have been those 
whom Christianity claims as her own. Men of her own spirit and training 
have been the most ready to engage as agents at home and abroad. She super- 
intended the location and the establishment of the Colony. She has induced hun- 
dreds of her colorod disciples to go out as pioneers of the enterprise, and she 
has there rewarded them with freedom, quietude and plenty — and she now 
stands upon the shore of that happy iiome of the emigrant, and stretches her in- 
viting hand over the Atlantic, and with a voice peculiarly her own, says to more 
than '2,111)0,001) of our population, ^- Come, fur all thintrs arc now rcaih/." And 
who docs not know, that liroin the first movement. Christian beneticence has 
furnished a large proportion of the means for the sustentaiion and enlargement 
of the Colony. 

Sir, it is because the objects of tiiis Society are good, that she approves them 
— and because they ;ire both great and good that she fosters them with her pat- 
ronage. Contemplating the final removal from our country's escutcheon of a 
stain which is hourly growing deeper and broader and darker — and designing 
to alleviate the wretchedness of the free colored population^ and place them in 
circumstances favorable to their physical and moral improvement — and aiming 
at the elevation of the black to a platform parallel with the white man, she de- 
lights in its higli purposes, for they are kindred to her own — and she would be 
recreant to her professions, did she not extend to it her cordial encouragement, 
and sinction it wilh her choicest benedictions. 

JJut one of the strongest reasons why this scheme is her favorite, is the bear- 
ing it seems destined to have upon the welfare of Africa — insulted, bleeding 
Africa. True, Spain and Portugal, France and Holland, Denmark and Britain, 
owe that land of sorrows the first and heaviest debt, ibr they were the plunder- 
ers of her slaves — 

"Ciiristian brokers in the trade of blood" — 

Biit Christian philanthropy waits not for others — and she is now waking up a 
spirit in the length and breadth of our Republic, that is determined to mdein- 
nify Africa for aH the wrongs she has sutl'ercd at vur hands, and to repay her 
with favors an hundred fold greater than she has ever enjoyed. Aiming to 
bring all the world into obedience under her mild and gentle reiirn, she is by 
this enterprise designing to accomplish her object in respect to that quarter of 
the globe. Having opened a way for the restoration of exiles to the land of 
their fathers, she intends to communicate, by their return, the blessings of civ- 
ilization, and the tidings of a Saviour's mercy. 

FacLs make it evident enough that the Colony has already begun to exert 
an influence of this holy tendency — and such an influence as foretokens im- 
portant results. Many a slave factory has been broken up, and the traflicers 
in hninan flesh have been compelled to remove the scenes of their nefarious op- 
erations. The ehildren of the natives have been brought into the schools of the 
Colony, and Hoon will be sent forth into the surnurnding region to teach the 
tribes ^udiMlent^ of le.iriiiug, and the knowledge of the true^God* The elevated 
religious character of tiie colonists, their serious observance of the Sabbath, 
their strict integrity in commercial intercourse, and their habitual propriety of 
conduct, have secured the respect of the natives, and placed matters in such an 
attitude, that any etforLs to promote their temporal and eternal welfare would be 
kindly received and abundantly successful. 



19 

Viewed in this light, the indications are such as cheer the hopes of every 
one who desires tlie |)rosperity of tiiat liingdom wlijclt is net of tliis world — and 
for this reason, if for no other, does thb sclionie in question deserve the acciuios- 
cence afid the support of every good man in the nation. It aims not only to alle- 
viate j)liysical wo, and improve physical condition — it aims at elevating a mass 
of degraded mind, and ))ouriiig upon it not only the light of science, but the 
light of life. Hence Christianity makes it her agent in accom])lishing her 
purposes of love — and if her friends'would have their sympathies and elforts 
run parallel with hers, they must bring to the promotion of this object, warm 
hearts and full hands. 

Sir, I am not ignorant, that the anticipation of redeeming Africa, by such 
means, has been ridiculed — and if it were not ridiculed, I should think it hard- 
ly worth indulging ; — but, candidly investigated, what is there in this fond 
hope, but the result of sober calculation ? From instrumentality far feebler 
than this, the world has witnessed stupendous eflects — and we are not ashamed 
to anticipate ibr this enterprise such consequences as shall gladden coming gen- 
erations. Only let the friends of the cause adhere to original ])rinciples, and 
prosecute their object in full confidence that God fiom his high and holy place 
smiles upon it with ap|)robation, and they will yet see results that shall com- 
pensate for every saciiiice, and till the heart with gladness and gratitude. They 
will yet see a belt of flourishing colonies encircling the coast iioin Tangiers to 
Babelmandel — the slave-trade utterly discontinued — the rich soil cultivated by 
its industrious proprietors — all the arts of civilized life introduced and flourish- 
ing — the Bible read in every language — kraals converted into cleanly and thrif- 
ty hamlets — and the incense of praise ascending to Jehovah from a thousand 
churches. 

This, Sir, is the vision, bright and beautiful, which the believer in revelation 
delights to contemplate in the train of this enterprise. Here Christianity pre- 
sides as the guardian genius, and we understand not how any man wiio desires 
her triumphs, can withhold his approbation or his aid from this beneficent ob- 
ject. He who befriends it, co-ojjerates with her designs — he who opposes it, is 
so far her antagonist. 



On motion of the Rev. G. W. Blagden, of this city, seconded 
oy the Hon. J. W. Lincoln of Worcester, 

Resolved, That the aspect of Divine Providence is highly 
favorable to the operations of the American Colonization Society. 

Mr. Chairman — It is at once a pleasing and a profitable reflection, in view of 
what has been said by my Rev. brother who has preceded me, with refer- 
ence to the claims which this Society has upon the exertions of every follower 
of the Redeemer, that the dispensations of Jehovah's providence, and the pre- 
cepts of Jehovah's word, are perfecliy harmonious with each other. So that if 
any Christian, or body of Christians shall, with reference to any duty, act faith- 
fully in accordance with the principles of his Word, it will be found, before 
long, that they will be encouraged and assisted in their work, by the wonder- 
ful dispensations of his Providence, — bringing forth good out of evil, light out 
of darkness, and motives for hope out of the apparent grounds for despondency. 
This principle, if 1 mistake not, is strikingly illustrated in the history of this 
Society. In accordance with it, the resolution has been expressed,— and in en- 
deavoring to enforce it, it shall be my single design to present, briefly, a few of 
the points in which the aspect of Providence afibrds this encouragement. 

The course of Divine Providence, Sir, clearly evinces that the progress of 
truth has ever been modified by the circumstances with which it was surround- 
ed. It has not been the way with Jehovah to advance moral principles through 
the world by main force. This is contrary to the nature of moral truth, which 
addresses itself to the faculties of voluntary agents. Men are to be treated 
agreeably to their nature, and things are not to be pushed, but by moral influ- 
ence, adapted to the circumstances in which men are placed. This, consequent- 
ly, has been a striking characteristic in all moral reformations. The Almighty 
has led the way to them, not suddenly and at once, but gradually, and in pro- 
portion as men were capable of learning the lessons which he designed to teach 
them. '• I have many things to tell you of, but ye cannot bear them now", has 
been as truly and as emphatically a declaration of his Providence, as it is of hi« 



20 

Word. Tlie refonnation itself was a crisis, not produced in a moment ; 
and tlie causes which led Lutlier with sucli devoted zeal, and noble moral cour- 
ai;e to assume and to maintain the stand which he did, were causes gradually 
developed, and iTadually intliiencinir his mind. At the commencenjcnt of the 
8truiri:le. he had no idea of the work which he was about to accomplish. The 
departure of the I'uritans from England and Gerniuny, their consequent settle- 
nuMit hbre, and our own revolution and successful strugi^le for liberty, growing 
out of tliat settlement, were the result of causes gradually developing them- 
selves, and gradually intluencing the human mind, to be traced in their opera- 
tion throughout the protectorate of Cromwell, and the reigns of the first and 
second Charles. I might allude to other historical facts, illustrative of the 
same princij)le, but thc-ie are suiHeient to exhibit its operation. 

Sir, the analogy of Divine Providence in this respect, afibrds the higliest en- 
couragi-nu-nt to the American Colonization Society. This association proceeds 
upon the same principles. It does not uproot, at once, the foundations of hu- 
man society. It feels, and it acts as if it felt, the deep conviction, that inoial 
influence, — benevolent and judicious moral influence, is to be used with master 
and slave. These were the convictions in which it originated. They who 
Ibrmed it, were fully convinced, as they investigated the condition of the south- 
ern population of our beloved country, that the cloud which overshadowed it 
was not to be dispersed in a moment. They felt, in view of the %vhole case, 
that in touching the subject of Slavery, they were treading as on a volcano of 
liuman jiassions. They might, by one rash act, have uncapped the crater, and 
let the lava of desolation spread far and wide over the beaulit'ul section of our 
land, for the good of whicii they labored. They chose rather to follow the anal- 
ogy of Providence, and to act differently. They chose rather to give those pas- 
sions gradual vent, that they might as gradually expend themselves, and the 
coolness of riirhl reason be eventually restored. Even with all their care, in this 
respect, I well remember the excitement which was created in man)^ minds by 
the rumor of what they were doing, as it spread around the city of my habita- 
tion when a boy, — the city in which the Society was formed, in the manner to 
which the speaker who preceded me has so interestingly alluded. What has 
been the result of this their conduct .'' Has not Providence, in harmony with 
the principles we have just laid down, wonderfully assisted and encouraged 
them .' To what are we indebted for the far spread, and widely spreading pub- 
lic sentiment in favor of doing something for the slave, if it be not to the per- 
severing exertions of this Society .' IS'ay, Sir, to what are tho.se very men, who 
now oppose its operations with such virulence, so much indebted for the degree 
of public interest on this subject which enables them to act, as they are to the 
efl''itsof this Association ,' — although, like the viper in the faLle, they sting 
the hand, which has warmed them into existence. 

But there are ohjtctioiis urged against the efforts of the Society, and with ref- 
erence to one of the most specious of them, permit me to say farther : — The 
aspect of Providence is peculiarly favorable to the Society, because it 
evinces that one of the most plausible objections which is urged against its pro- 
ceedings, might be brought, with equal reason, against the government of 
God. 

It is alleged, Sir, that the effect of this Association is, in fact, to rivet the 
bonds of the slave, because slaveholders avail themselves of the facilities which 
it affords to drain off the excess of the free blacks, that they may oppress, with 
the greater satiL'ty, those who are still in bondage. The objection proceeds upon 
the principle, that if the designs of benevolence are j)crverted b}' selfish men, 
for the advancement f>f their own ends, such designs are to be abandoned, as 
unworthy of our countenance and support. I>ut, Sir. is this principle a correct 
one .' Permit me to say that, if adopted and carri<'d out, it would overthrow 
the government of God himself. It is the remark of Bishop Butler, in his im- 
mortal work, that the Word and Providence of God being harmonious with 
each other, it would be natural to suppose that the same objections might weigh 
against the latter, which are brought liy infidels against the former ; and he ac- 
cordingly procei'ds, in the most forcil)l(> manner, to show, that the man who ob- 
jects against the great doctrines of revelation, and becomes a Deist, must, upon 
the same principles, object against tlie course of the Providence of God, and 
become an Atheist. 

Now, this same mode of rea.ioning applies to jiarlicular acts, for the jrood 
of men, which are produced by the practical effect of the principles of the Word 
of God upon the hearts and lives of those who are conformed to its precepts. 



21 

The same objections might be urged ngainst tlio acts of Jehovah himseiC, in liis 
Providence, which are urged against these. And this is emphatically true in 
the instance which is belbte us Wlio does not know, tint Jehovuli has made 
it true, in the iiat\irc of things, lluit even selfish men must find it for their great 
interest to act upon Ihc principles of benevolence ? There is not ;in avaricious, 
all-grasping miser in the world, who is not necessitated, more or less, to act be- 
nevolently to some circle of liis fellow-beings, however small, in order that he 
may advance his own selfish purposes. And thus hath Grod most wonderfully 
made the wrath of man to praise him, while the remainder of that wrath ho 
doth restrain, by making it true, in the nature of things, that selfishness itself 
is obliged, to a great e.\tent, to adopt and proceed upon the principles of benev- 
olence, and be the means of accomplishing good of which it never llumght. Now 
will any man throw otf the providential government of a holy God, on this ac- 
count.' Will he presumptuously say, that there are many wicked men, who 
avail themselves of it, to promote their ends, and therefore we will not have 
God to reign over us.' There is not a mind, 1 trust, in this assembly, which 
does not respond to such interrogations. — '■ God forbid !" — And yet, the objec- 
tion brouirht against the Colonization Society, that slaveholders avail themselves 
of it, that they may with the more safety retain their slaves, proceeds upon this 
principle. Admitting the fact, in some instances to be so, it proves noth- 
ing in favor of the objector, unless he shows that the principles of the Society 
are anti-scriptural, and of course anti-benevolent, — and that this is the reason 
why slaveholders, in some cases, are induced to favor it. Does he take such a 
position ? Does he say that the principles of the Society are anti-scri])tural and 
anti-benevolent.'' If so, we deny the fact, and are fairly at issue with him on 
this point. We appeal to the cfftcis already produced by the Society, — the pub- 
lic sentiment it has gradually formed, and is still forming in favor of the aboli- 
tion of slavery, — a public sentiment of which, as we have seen, its very ene- 
mies e.xperience the benefit, in their efforts to overthrow the Institution. We 
appeal to the names most prominent in its formation, — the names of Finley,and 
Sanmel J. Mills, men whose influence was not generally found on the side of 
anti-scriptural sentiments or actions. We appeal to the majority of its present 
friends, — men anxious to remove from our land, and its fair fame, the evils and 
the stain of slavery, in the most benevolent and firm manner. We appeal to 
the instances of the emancipation of slaves themselves, already produced by 
the influence of the Society. Are these the effects, and are these the support- 
ers of an anti-scriptural and anti-benevolent Association .' No, Sir, they are 
not. The .objector cannot make good the charge on which alone his objection 
can have a valid foundation. He cannot, without closing his eyes against the 
clearest facts, aflirm that the Society is opposed to the benevolence of the Gos- 
pel. And if so, he cannot urge the objection, that some slaveholders may favor 
its advancement for the purpose of promoting their own selfish interests, with- 
out also admitting a principle, which, in its legitimate operation, would over- 
throw the moral government of God 

There is yet another aspect of Divine Providence, Mr. Chairman, which af- 
fords encouragement to this Society ; — I allude to the fact that op|)osition 
to truth hastens its final triumph. Among other ways, it does it strikingly 
in this, — it causes truth to be more thoroughly investigated by its friends. The 
foundations of our faith, even in the religion of Christ, are sometimes made to 
tremble by sudden and unexpected objections. The believer/ee/* that his faith is 
true, and to him such evidence is satisfactory and delightful, — but he is called 
sometimes to give an answer to those who ask a reason of the hope which is in 
him, and he is not prepared for the summons, because he has relied too exclu- 
sively upon feeling. It is well thus to lay him under a necessity of examin- 
ing the intellectual grounds of his faith. Providence has already shown, in in- 
stances almost innumerable, how well it is for truth to be occasionally assailed. 
It calls forth the investigations of its friends, — it requires them to examine well 
the grounds on which they stand, and to know better what they say, and 
whereof they affirm. And thus some of the noblest works on the evidences of 
Christianity, as well as in support of its peculiar and fundamental doctrines, 
have been drawn forth by the attacks of its enemies ; and truth has come out 
from the furnace of trial seven times purified; and far more beautiful in the 
eyes of all who love it. 

Sir, this will be the case with the prmciples of Colonization. I confess that 
when the cry was first raised against the Society, owing to its alleged tendency 
to rivet the bonds upon the slave, I was one who trembled. I had fdt, but 



22 

not ro.vsoned much upon tlio subject of slavery, and had hailed the colonization 
sclienic as one whieh opened at least one door for universal en)ancipation. 
VVlicn it was decliired. that instead ofopeninir such a door, its only tendency 
was to exert an influence which would the more elTectually close and bolt it, — 
the fear that the accusation mlirht he tiue, was the imue distressinjr, because 
the knowledo-e requisite to rebut it was not at command. As in reliiriovis lailh 
— so it is in iTie confidence which wc may ])lace in the rectitude of a society like 
this, — the very fact that arguments in its favor are not innnediately at hand, 
— will sometimes cause us to tremble and becon)e scejjtical under a sudden attack, 
when a more minute investigation restores confidence, and inspires new courage 
in the advancement of the truth. 

l..el any. then, who may be in this state of surprise, examine the circumstan- 
ces of our country, and look into the principles of this Society, and they 
will find that it contains the elements of truth. We do not claim i'or it perfec- 
tion. We do not say that it is all which we wish, and all that we hope it may 
b«-come. We believe, as we observe the analogy of Providence, that ojjposilion 
to its advancement will contribute to its greater perfection, and will not over- 
throw it, because truth lies at its ftundation. It will lead its friends to inves- 
tigate its principles the more thorou<rhly, and become able to defend them the 
more successfully and triumi>h.intly. It will teach them where tliey are 
vulnerable, and induce them cheerfully to rectify whatever may be, to any 
extent, wrong. -Above all, it will inspire them with new zeal in the woik 
they have undertaken for tlie welfare of the free black, and the freedom of the 
slave. 

But one remark more. Sir, and I have done; — Providence is rapidly develop- 
ing the fact, that the best interests of slaveholders themselves, demand the abo- ■ 
lition of slaver}'. In this respect its aspect is peculiarly encouraging. 

It is an interesting and important truth, Mr (Chairman, that whenever men 
depart, with reference to any subject, from the principles of the law and gospel 
of God, they begin, sooner or later, to find, that in sinning against him, they 
have alike wronged their own souls, and proceeded contrary to their own tem- 
poral interests. The course of Providence, harmonious with eternal justice, 
is found to be against them, and godliness only is found to have the promise 
of the life which now is. as well as of that which is to come. This is becoming 
remarkably the case with slavery in our own land Slaveholders are begin- 
ning to be convicted of the fact, that slavery, after all, is a losing system. 
They begin to feel and acknowledge that voluntary labor is doubly valuable, 
when compared with that which is coerced. They begin to contrast the green 
fields and well cultivated farms where there are no slaves, w'ith the compara- 
tively barren pros])ects and ill improved lands where slaves exist. They begin 
to notice the comparatively unimproved state of the intellect, and the influence 
of unrestrained passions, and the prevalence of idle and dissipated habits, in 
places where slavery pampers the body and mind of man, — and the opposite 
subjection of passiori to reason, and rapid acquisitions of intellect, and tlie in- 
dustrious, unviliated state of things produced by a system, where men 
are necessitated more generally to labor for themselves, or to reward those 
who voluntarily labor for them. So strong is this conviction becoming 
amid some classes of the community, that not long since, upon the floor of Con- 
gress, a member of that body, from a large slave-liolding State, declared his be- 
lief, (as nearly as I can recollect the sentiment) that the S3'stem of slavery, like 
the feudal system of Europe, would gradually be done away, from the deep 
conviction on the part of slaveholders themselves, that it would be far better for 
themselves, were it entirely abolished. 

Our attention lias already been called, by the gentleman who first addressed 
you this evening, to the state of the public mind in Virginia, on this interesting 
subject; — and he might, with equal propriety, have referred to Maryland, 
her sister State, in whose Legislature a resolution has, but a few weeks since, 
been introduced, with what prospects of success I am unable to say, proposing 
the emancipation of slaves after a given period. In these, Sir, and in other 
aigns ol' the times, we hail the commencement of better days to this Society, 
than any, whidi, thouiih highly favored, it lias ever seen. Tliere can be no 
doubt that it lias already done more thin any tiling else, towards awakening 
the public mind to an increased attention to tlie iiniK)rtant subject of slavery. 
There can be no doubt, as the conviction increases that slavery is an evil, the 
<>yeH of the southern section of our land will be turned towards its proceedings 
with an interest still more intense. It has done much, and deserves our com- 



CyJ 

iiK'ndalion, o\Oii wcie it to do no more. But, it aims at still liijrlH'r tliimrs. U 
is ready not only to excite a corn;ct ])iiblic sentiment, by every mentis in its 
I)o\ver, but it rises as that sentiment increases and spreads, to yet hiirher cH'ort. 
We confidently hope, that what it has accomplished is but as the'^sh.idow of 
good things to come. And that if firmly and perscverini>ly supported, it will 
be ready, as time moves on, and new circumstances of eiicouruii-.^nient are de- 
veloped in the providence of God, — to embark in other ijrojects, and put forth 
yet nobler efforts for the emanci|(ation of the slave, — unlil the light, and the joy 
of liberty shall be seen and felt, by every being, in every portion of our beloved 
land. 



On motion of the lion. Caleb Cusiiing, of Newbiuyport, sec- 
onded by the Rev. E. S. Gannet, of this city, 

Resolved, Tiuit every patriotic and peaceful citizen of the 
United ^States, while he seeks by suitaljie means to better the con- 
dition of our colored population, siiould anxiously abstain from 
acts inconsistent with tiie text or spirit of the Federal Constitu- 
tion ; and which have a tendency therefore to introduce into the 
country general evils of incalculable magnitude, and at the same 
time defeat all benevolent designs in behalf of the blacks by sub- 
verting the union of the States. 

Mr. Gushing felt a delicacy in rising to address the Society at so late an 
hour, [it was near nine o'clock,] but it seemed due to those who had honored 
him with a request to that effect, that he should venture to add the very little 
it might be in his power to add, to the remarks of the gentleman who had pre- 
ceded him. lie was aware that his views might be dry, jejune and uninterest- 
ing, in regard to the topics which he should endeavor to present to the attention 
of the Society, but they seemed to him to be of sufRcient importance to warrant 
the suggestions he proposed to make, with reference to the duties of the citi- 
zens of one portion of the States, affecting the rights of tho.'^e of another. 

In the opinions he was about to utter, he wished to be understood as impeach- 
ing no motives, cind condemning no man or set of men ; and while he freely 
conceded this to others with whom he differed, in regard to the means of ac- 
complishing the object of improving the condition of an oppressed and deo-raded 
race of our fellow men, he claimed for himself the same candid construction of 
his motives. He avowed distinctly that lie was no friend to slavery. From 
principle, and upon every consideration which had any influence upon opinion 
he viewed with regret and disapprobation, the e.xistence of personal slavery in 
any form. He viewed it as an evil of great magnitude, not nierely in reoard to 
the slave, but as an evil of still greater magnitude in regard to the master who 
holds the slave. He deprecated every measure which divested man of his nat- 
ural and unalienable rights, and bound down to servitude and ignorance the 
eternal spirit of the chainless mind. Such were his views of slavery in theory 
and practice. We all concur in the belief that it is an evil of great magnitude, 
which we should rejoice to sec forever removed from among us. What means 
shall we use to accomplish this great object .'' 

Here there was a difference of opinion, and he had no doubt an honest differ- 
ence of opinion. What then were our duties in this respect, as citizens of this 
State and of the United States, in reference to the existence of slavery, and the 
rights of the Southern States .'' The first duty of a good citizen v/as to confine 
himself within the limits of the law and the Constitution. It was obvious that 
this Society had been formed and conducted upon that principle. Its operaticms 
were circumscribed by the Constitution and the laws of the land. The objec- 
tion urged against the Society is, that it does not meet the evil which it pro- 
poses to remedy. That the natural increase of the slave population e.xceeds the 
removals which are made, or ever can be made, through the agency of the CoK 
onization Society; and that by the removal of the free blacks, it enhances the 
value of the slaves left behind, and encourages the slave holder in retaining this 
species of property. But, admitting that the means and purposes of the Coloni- 
zation Society are inadequate to produce any great impression upon the slave 
population, by removals of the free blacks, it nevertheless has a definite object 



21 

oi L'ri-ai I'l.Mii, 111 looking to the iiiiprovemeiit of the condition of tlie African 
T.n'c, ill I'n-e coiiiiiiunities, where they ctii enjoy advantages denied to tliem in 
this countrv. 

The object of the Society, it is insisted, should be immediate abolition. Now 
it is obvious tiiat the abolition of slavery, unless by the universal consent of the 
slave holders, cannot be eti'ccted but by the alleration of the Constitution pro- 
tectiiifj that species of property. A convention of the States must be called to 
aiuoniT the (.'oiistitulion, and "if called, and the alterations of the provisions 
fruanlini,' slave properly, were to be insisted on by any of the States, can it be 
doubled for a moment that eleven of the States would dissolve the Union on 
the point of interference with their slaves! No one who has observed the ex- 
treme sensitiveness of the South, in this particular, can doubt that such would 
be the result. Those who aim at immediate abolition, and insist that should be 
the first object of this Society, are met in the tiiresliold with this objection. 
Shall we have an Union of the States, or shall we shipwreck the whole on this 
point.' Shall we not rather do as our patriotic forefathers did in their determi- 
nation on this same question .' Dearly as they loved liberty, and as ardently as 
they condemned personal slavery, they hiid no other alternative but to admit 
it, as they found it then existing at the South, or to surrender all hopes of an 
union of the States. 

The entire abolition of slavery was a favorite object with the patriotic men of 
that dav. but that or the Union must be surrendered. A comprmnise was ef- 
fected. The South conceded that in twenty 3-ears the slave trade should be abol- 
ished ; and the North conceied that the Constitution should secure to the South 
a representation in Cnnjrress of three fifths of their slave population, and that each 
State should be bound to surrender to the citizens of other States such fugitive 
slaves as should be found within their limits. In addition to which it is provided 
that the United States shall interpose, on requisition of either of the States, to pro- 
tect its citizens against domestic violence. Those principles were fully recognized 
in the Constitution, and so long as they remain there, we are bound, as good 
citizens, to respect them. In the amendments to the Constitution, the eftect of 
these provisions is confirmed, by the declaration that all powers not conceded to 
the United States, nor prohibited to either of the States, by the Constitution, 
remain in the separate States. Hence, as the Constitution gives no control on 
that subject, the regulation of domestic slavery, which was the exclusive right 
of the Southern States, before the Constitution, remains with them, as one of 
the |)owcrs not transferred to the United States. The legal construction is, 
that the South who hold slaves, retain the riarht of exclusive regulation over 
them. The United States cannot touch it. If we insist on abolition, we must 
amend the Constitution, which, as it now stands, renders it as improper and un- 
availing for us to attempt to interfere with the regulations of the Southern 
States touching their slaves, as it would be for us to attempt to regulate the 
arrangements of the British House of Commons, or the appointment of the 
French Ministers. And if the United States cannot, under the Constitution, 
interfere with the domestic regulations of slavery at the South, still less can any 
single State do so. The State of Massachusetts has no more right to interfere 
with the legislation of other States in this particular, than the King of Great 
Britain has to levy a stamp tax or a tea duty in the city of Boston. 

If, then, we are bound to support the Constitution, and to respect the rights 
which it secures to a ])ortion of our fellow citizens composing a part of the 
Union, are we not also bound by the spirit of that Constitution, to abstain from 
all inrtammatory publications which tend to excite insurrection, and to deprive 
the holder of the slave of his rights of property secured to him under the Con- 
stitution '; An opposite course may justly be regarded as injurious to the slave, 
whose condition we are seeking to improve. By inflammatory publications, 
tending tf) excite insurrection, we drive the masters of slaves to shut them out 
from the light, and to withhold from them the ordinary means of education. 
It is a consideration which assuredly ought not to he disregarded by the friends 
of immediate abolition; that if we approach this object by means of inflamma- 
tory publications, or if we were to attempt its accomplishment by an amend- 
ment of the Constitution in this respect, that nmsl result in a separation of the 
States ? in either event, we de])rive ourselves of all means of reaching the 
evil we propose to remedy, or of improving the condition of the blacks. In 
the event of a separation, the slave States become to us a foreign government, 
and we could have no means of influencing them in regard to their slave popu- 
lation, no more than we now have in influencing legislature upon this subject 



25 

in the island of Cuba. Slavery in the Soutli would become hcnnetrically scaled 
against our benovolcncp. 

He would not go into the consequences that must result from such a course. 
Wherever we can aid in imprcving the condition of the blacks, let us do so 
constitutionally. But let us not, b\' inflammatory publications, by appeals 
tending to pvodure insurrection, and if not, tending to excite the asperity of the 
S.)Uth, sr> as to compel lier to shut the door upon us — let us not prevent all ap- 
proache:^ toward improving tin condition of her slave p.ipulalion, and finally 
accomplish the great work of ('mancipation, through their co-operation. 

While we were exerting our symi);itiiies for the sl.ive, we should not alto- 
gether lose sight of the master. In seeking to remove one evil, we should be 
cautious that we do not introduce a greater evil. 

He would suggest a single fact, as an admonition to those who were seek- 
ing the immediate abolition of slavery, without regard to the consequences. It 
was a fact in the h'story of America, doubtless familiar to many who heard him, 
but which appeared to him to be strikingly applicable to the view he had taken 
of this subject. Tiie discovery of America, and the subjection of the Moors, 
who hid held possession in Spain since 71 1 . were contemporaneous events in 
the year 14','2. The Spanish IVIoors had acquired from the Mohamctans of the 
North of Africa, the practice of holding slaves, and they introduced it into 
Europe. The Christians, living side by side with those who held slaves, ac- 
quired the same practice, and in the year 1500 permission was granted by the 
Court of Spain, to carry to the Colonies of South America, negro slaves, na- 
tives of Spain ; and thus slavery was introduced into America. The excessive 
burdens imposed upon tlie Indians of South America, by their Spanish con- 
querors, at an early period arrested the attention of the philanthropists of that 
time. Among these, the Ecclesiastics were most conspicuous ; and it is due to 
say of the ministers of religion, that they were than, as they are now, fore- 
most in works of benevolence. 

Bartholemew de Las Casas devoted his life to bettering the condition of the 
Indians. He crossed the Atlantic again and again — he braved all dangers — he 
shrunk from no fatigue in their behalf — he unceasingly urged the claims of 
that oppressed race at the Spanish Court. In his sympathies for one class of 
his fellow men, he disregarded the rights of another class, and from mistaken 
motives of humanity, proposed to the Emperor Charles V. a project to import 
negro slaves directly from Africa, into that warm climate which was congenial 
to them, in order to relieve the labors of the Indians. Unfortunately this proj- 
ect was adopted, and this was the foundation of slavery in America. This fact 
should serve as an admonition. Men of ardent and philanthropic minds, im- 
pressed with the importance of an object which enlists the best feelings of hu- 
man nature, are prone to fall into the error of taking too limited and partial 
views of the subject, losing sight of incidental consequences in their devoted 
attention to the single object which absorbs their immediate sympathies. 

Such was the error of the amiable Las Casas. It is a lesson well adapted to 
the times, to teach us to beware, lest we be guilty of a similar error, and in at- 
tempting to better the condition of the blacks, bring down upon them and upon 
our country greater evils than those we are striving to avert. 

It was for these reasons ha had presented on this occasion the suggestions 
that had occurred to him touching the constitutional duties, involved in the 
means tliat were to be Uocd to improve the condition of the slave population in 
the United States. This was the period above all others, to abstain from call- 
ing up the exciting question of the relation between the master and the slave, 
in the southern portion of our country. It was not a time to go beyond the pale 
of the Constitution to seek foi causes of disaffection and disunion. There was 
enough within the Constitution on which jealousies were already aroused, and 
parties formed, that endanger the permanency of the Union. 

The storm lowers over our heads. The fountains of the great deep are bro- 
ken up around us, and shall we raihly cut loose from the sheet anchor of our 
hope, the Constitution, which can alone enable us to retain our station among 
the nations. My voice is for the Constitution ; I am for the Union, betide 
what may ; and as a citizen of these United States, I feel bound so to act in re- 
jrard to this question, as well as til others, that while we of the North claim 
from the South tiie uttermost, scruple of our just rights, and contend for them 
manfully and independently, we sliall evince that we entertain a due respect 
for the vested rigihti of the South. 



2«i 



The rollowiiiii; j^entlenieu were elcclcd oHioi rs of tlic Society 
lor the cnsuiDg year ; vi.-: : 

Hon. SAMIEL LATHROP, Pnsidait. , 

Rr. Ri:v. ALEXANDER V. GRISWOLD, •) 

Hon. II. A. S. J)EARC(JRN, 

Hon. WM. «. CALHOL'-V, 

IIov. ISAAC C. BATES, 

iios. ALEXANDER H. EVERETT, 

IIE.MAN HUMPHREY, D. 1)., 

THEODORE SElKiWlCK. Esq., 

His HoNou SA.\H;EL T. ARMSTRONG 

THOMAS NAPIER, E:q., 

Hox. STEPHEN C. PHILLIPS, 

Hov. ja.\h:s fowler, 

llo.v. DANn:L WALDO, 



,- J 'ice Preside Ills. 



Doer. .1. V. C. SMITH, Secretarij. 

ISAAC MANSFIELD, Es^., Treasurer. 

Rf.v. EBENEZER burgess, Dcdliam, 

Hon. J0SL\H ROBBINS, Plymouth, 

Ho.v. JOHN W. LINCOLN, Worcester, 

Rev. HOWARD MALCOM, Boston, 

Rev. E. S. GANNET, Boston, 

Ho.v. ELIPHALET WILLIAMS, Northampton, 

CHARLES TAPPAN, Esq., Boston, 

Prof. S. M. WORCESTER, Amherst Colle;re, 

GEORGE A. TUFTS, Esq , Dudley, 

Doer. JOHN S. BUTLER, Worcester, 

THO-MAS A. GREENE. Esq., New BedfoHl, 

Ho.v. WILLIAM S. HASTINGS, Mciulcn. 

Ho.v. IRA BARTON. O.xford, 

Ri:v. B. B. EDWARDS. Boston, 

CHARLES STODDARD. Eso , Boston, 

Rr.v. WILLIAM HAGUE, Boston, 

Rr.v. Jf)HN PIERPONT, Boston, 

SAMUEL .M. McK.VY. Pittsfield, 

WILLIA.M J. HURBARD, Boston, 

B. B. THATCHER, Esq., Boston, 



FACTS. 



Assertions are belter than conjecture.^, argumenis better than asser- 
tions, but facts better than arguments. An argument may contain a 
flaw which only a very microscopic mental eye can delect. A fact 
rnay be seen ami unilcrstooil by the most stupiil. 

It is a fact, then, that some of the best and nicst devoted men in the 
land were early engaged in the Colonization enterprise, such as Fin- 
I03', Thornton, Mills, Caldwell, Ashmun, Bacon, Lot Carej', Ses- 
sions, Skinner, Holton, &:c. " These all died in faith" of the ultimate 
success of the enterprise, 



It is a fad, thai the territory for the Colony was purchased by fair 
treaty, and that any amount of additional territory can now be pur- 
chased for future settlements. i 

It is a fact, that the Colony at Liberia has not, since its founda- 
dation in 132-2, suffered so much in point of sickness and other ad- 
versities, as the Colonj' at Plj^mouth did in six monlhs — no, not so 
much by ten times. 

It is a fact, that PJonrovia is now as healthy as any city on the 
Atlantic seaboard. 

It is a fact, that the slave trade was once carried on, to the shame 
of man, and the indignation of Heaven, at the very spot where the 
Colony is now situated, two thousand slaves having been annually 
exported from the rendezvous ; but now the black banner of the pi- 
ratical slave-trader cowers at the sight of the American Eagle on the 
summit of Cape Montserado, and disappears in confusion. 

It is a fact, that onk hundred and fifty thousand Europe- 
ans in a single year dissolved the tender ties of home and country, 
and upon their own private resources e^niigrated to this land of the 
FREE to lay their bones among us. What difficulty, then, but that 
which is created by a weak, an unbelieving, or a hostile mind, can 
there be in oxe hundred and twenty thousand Africans 
(double the annual increase) returning to their father land, even on 
their own private resources ? 

It is a fact, that fifteen millions of unoffending Africans have 
been torn away from their native country bj avarice and cruelty. 
Cannot the generosity and kindness of a Christian nation carry back 
TWO MILLIONS, the wliolc number of the slaves? 

It is a fact, that the Colonization Society tends to gradual eman- 
cipation. 1. By making the whole nation talk more about slavery 
than it ever did before, and if such an "accursed thing" is the topic 
of conversation, it must be reprobated, and public sentiment will 
daily gather strength against the evil, until it is overthrown. 2. Lib- 
erty is on the march all over the world. The friends of Coloniza- 
tion use this fact against slavery. 3. The spectacle of a republic of 
free blacks on the coast of Africa, making their own laws, and ad- 
minislering justice among themselves, the sovereigns of the soil, and 
the regulators of their own commerce, miiat react with irresistible 
force upin the country from which they originalh' emigrated. 4. 
Those States, Vir<rinia and Kentucky, for example, which are now 
struggliag for universal emancipation, are Colonization States, i. e. 
ar.ient supporters of the scheme. 5. Those States, South Carolina, 
for oximple, which, as a matter of principle advocate the perpetuity 
of slavery, are opposed to the Colonization Society. 6. Those indi- 
viduals at the South, who dislike slavery, and are contending for 



28 

emancipMion, support the Society. 7. By removing the free colored 
population from the presence of the slaves, the former, while they 
themselves are furnished with employment, are prevented from 
tempting the latter to idleness, insubordination, and insurrection, and 
the slaves are thus saved the distress of a more ligorcus bondage con- 
sequent on rebellion. 8. By appealing to the will of the master, in- 
stead of appealing to the passions of the slaves themselves, the Col- 
onization Society seeks to incline it to universal emancipation. The 
Constitution and the Laws would then no longer protect slaveiy. 

It is a fact, that the Colonists are actively engaged in trade, (in 
such articles as d^-ewoods, ivor3% hides, gold, palm oi), rice, &c.) and 
that the net profits on wood and ivory in 182G were S30,78G — that 
in 1831 forty-si.\ vessels visited the Colon}'', and the exports for the 
year ending April, 1832, were 8120,000, while the imports were 
880,000. Yet the Society had expended, from its organization up 
to that time, only about 8150,000. 

It is a fact, that upwards of sccciihuyidred emancipated slaves are 
now enjoying the sweets of liberty and the protection of law in the 
Colon}', while there is a distinct flourishing vilhige of some hundreds 
of recaptured Africans, called Neio Georgia. 

It is a fact, that schools are established competent to instruct all 
the children in the Colon}', — that Divine service is attended three 
times on the Sabbath, and on Thursdaj' and Frida}^ evenings, and 
that decorum and order universally prevail. 

It is a fact, that the Legislatures of fourteen States, and nearly all 
the ecclesiastical bodies in the United States, have passed resolutions 
approving the objects of the Society. 

It is a fact, that the people of New England owe an incalculable 
debt to the African race, and that an opportunity is now oftcred to 
repay that debt. 

It is a fact, that the Parent Society has numerous ajiplications 
from various quarters for assistance in emigrating to Liberia, and 
that It could now advantageously spend two hundred thousand 
DOLLARS in fitting out expeditions to the Colony, while its Treasury 
is exhausted. Will not the friends of humanity and religion lend us 
a helping hand ? 

Jl3" Communications, donations, &c. may be sent to JOSHUA 
N. DA.XFORTH, No. 4, Bowdoin Street, Boston. 



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